Phylogenetics - study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms. DNA sequences are used to trace the evolution 

- DNA barcoding - identity species /accessions based on . Provide better resolution at intra-genus and above level. Plant barcoding studies use one or a few plastid regions (e.g. rbcL and matK, and the non-coding spacer trnH-psbA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal

- DNA Molecular markers - such as microsatellites and AFLP are mostly suitable for intra-species genotypic variation study. Microsatellite has been the most used molecular markers to address genetic diversity.