Approaches to Conserve the Biodiversity: In-situ conservation (at the place: Protected Areas: Reserves; National Parks; Sanctuaries) Design of Natural Reserves - GAP ANALYSIS – In situ gap analysis

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Botanical Gardens: definitions & features

- History of Botanical Gardens

- Role of Botanical Gardens

Botanical Gardens around the world

Ex-situ conservation (out of the place: botanical gardens; Genebank/ seed bank Facilities; National Plant Genetic Research

Molecular tools and their potential application in the conservation of plant genetic resources:

- Phylogenetics - study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms. DNA sequences are used to trace the evolution 

- DNA barcoding - identity species /accessions based on . Provide better resolution at intra-genus and above level. Plant barcoding studies use one or a few plastid regions (e.g. rbcL and matK, and the non-coding spacer trnH-psbA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal

- DNA Molecular markers - such as microsatellites and AFLP are mostly suitable for intra-species genotypic variation study. Microsatellite has been the most used molecular markers to address genetic diversity.

Molecular tools and their potential application in the conservation of plant genetic resources:

- Phylogenetics - study of the evolutionary history and relationships among individuals or groups of organisms. DNA sequences are used to trace the evolution 

- DNA barcoding - identity species /accessions based on . Provide better resolution at intra-genus and above level. Plant barcoding studies use one or a few plastid regions (e.g. rbcL and matK, and the non-coding spacer trnH-psbA) and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal

- DNA Molecular markers - such as microsatellites and AFLP are mostly suitable for intra-species genotypic variation study. Microsatellite has been the most used molecular markers to address genetic diversity.

Biodiversity and Conservation: some concepts:

1. Levels of Biodiversity: Genes, Species, Ecosystems (1.1. Genetic diversity; 1.2. Species diversity; 1.3. Variety of ecosystems)

2. Global Biodiversity (2.1. Biogeographical Regions; 2.2. Hotspots of Biodiversity; 2.3. Key Biodiversity Areas (KBA))